Mankhwala a nsungwi

Zipangizo za nsungwi zili ndi cellulose yambiri, mawonekedwe owonda a ulusi, mphamvu zabwino zamakina komanso pulasitiki. Monga chinthu china chabwino chopangira zinthu zopangira mapepala amatabwa, nsungwi imatha kukwaniritsa zofunikira za pulp popanga mapepala apakatikati ndi apamwamba. Kafukufuku wasonyeza kuti kapangidwe ka mankhwala a nsungwi ndi mphamvu zabwino za ulusi zimakhala ndi mphamvu zabwino za pulp. Ntchito ya pulp ya nsungwi ndi yachiwiri kuposa pulp ya matabwa a coniferous, ndipo ndi yabwino kuposa pulp ya matabwa ndi udzu. Myanmar, India ndi mayiko ena ali patsogolo padziko lonse lapansi pankhani yopangira ndi kupanga mapepala a nsungwi. Zinthu zopangidwa ndi nsungwi ndi mapepala ku China zimatumizidwa makamaka kuchokera ku Myanmar ndi India. Kukulitsa kwambiri makampani opanga ndi kupanga mapepala a nsungwi ndikofunikira kwambiri pochepetsa kusowa kwa zipangizo zopangira pulp ya matabwa.

Nsungwi zimakula mofulumira ndipo nthawi zambiri zimatha kukolola patatha zaka 3 mpaka 4. Kuphatikiza apo, nkhalango za nsungwi zimakhala ndi mphamvu yolimbitsa mpweya, zomwe zimapangitsa kuti phindu la zachuma, zachilengedwe komanso chikhalidwe cha anthu la makampani a nsungwi likhale lofunika kwambiri. Pakadali pano, ukadaulo wopanga ma pulp a nsungwi ku China komanso zida zake zakula pang'onopang'ono, ndipo zida zazikulu monga kumeta ndi kupukuta zapangidwa mdziko muno. Mizere yayikulu komanso yapakatikati yopangira mapepala a nsungwi yapangidwa kukhala mafakitale ndikupangidwa ku Guizhou, Sichuan ndi malo ena.

Mankhwala a nsungwi
Monga chinthu chopangira biomass, nsungwi ili ndi zigawo zitatu zazikulu za mankhwala: cellulose, hemicellulose, ndi lignin, kuwonjezera pa pectin yochepa, starch, polysaccharides, ndi sera. Pofufuza kapangidwe ka mankhwala ndi makhalidwe a nsungwi, titha kumvetsetsa ubwino ndi kuipa kwa nsungwi ngati zamkati ndi pepala.
1. Nsungwi ili ndi cellulose yambiri
Pepala lomalizidwa bwino kwambiri lili ndi zofunikira zambiri pa zinthu zopangira zamkati, zomwe zimafuna kuchuluka kwa cellulose, lignin, polysaccharides ndi zotulutsa zina zimakhala zabwino, komanso zochepa zomwe zili mu lignin, polysaccharides ndi zina, zimakhala zabwino. Yang Rendang ndi anzake adayerekeza zigawo zazikulu za mankhwala a biomass monga nsungwi (Phyllostachys pubescens), masson pine, poplar, ndi udzu wa tirigu ndipo adapeza kuti kuchuluka kwa cellulose kunali masson pine (51.20%), nsungwi (45.50%), poplar (43.24%), ndi udzu wa tirigu (35.23%); kuchuluka kwa hemicellulose (pentosan) kunali poplar (22.61%), nsungwi (21.12%), udzu wa tirigu (19.30%), ndi masson pine (8.24%); kuchuluka kwa lignin kunali nsungwi (30.67%), masson pine (27.97%), poplar (17.10%), ndi udzu wa tirigu (11.93%). Zikuoneka kuti pakati pa zinthu zinayi zofanana, nsungwi ndi chinthu chachiwiri chomwe chimapangidwa kuchokera ku masson pine.
2. Ulusi wa nsungwi ndi wautali ndipo uli ndi chiŵerengero chachikulu cha mbali
Utali wapakati wa ulusi wa nsungwi ndi 1.49~2.28 mm, m'mimba mwake ndi 12.24~17.32 μm, ndipo chiŵerengero cha mbali ndi 122~165; makulidwe apakati a khoma la ulusi ndi 3.90~5.25 μm, ndipo chiŵerengero cha khoma ndi m'chibowo ndi 4.20~7.50, chomwe ndi ulusi wokhuthala wokhala ndi chiŵerengero chachikulu cha mbali. Zipangizo zamkati zimadalira kwambiri cellulose kuchokera ku zinthu za biomass. Zipangizo zabwino zopangira mapepala zimafuna kuchuluka kwa cellulose ndi lignin yochepa, zomwe sizingowonjezera kuchuluka kwa zamkati, komanso zimachepetsa phulusa ndi zotulutsa. Nsungwi ili ndi makhalidwe a ulusi wautali ndi chiŵerengero chachikulu cha mbali, zomwe zimapangitsa kuti ulusiwo ulumikizane nthawi zambiri pagawo lililonse pambuyo poti zamkati za nsungwi zapangidwa kukhala pepala, ndipo mphamvu ya pepala imakhala yabwino. Chifukwa chake, mphamvu ya nsungwi ya pulping ili pafupi ndi ya matabwa, ndipo ndi yamphamvu kuposa zomera zina za udzu monga udzu, udzu wa tirigu, ndi masagasi.
3. Ulusi wa nsungwi uli ndi ulusi wamphamvu kwambiri
Cellulose ya bamboo si yongowonjezedwanso, yotha kuwonongeka, yogwirizana ndi zamoyo, yogwira ntchito m'madzi, komanso ili ndi mphamvu zabwino kwambiri zotsutsana ndi kutentha ndi makina, komanso ili ndi mphamvu zabwino zotsutsana ndi kutentha. Akatswiri ena adachita mayeso okakamiza pa mitundu 12 ya ulusi wa bamboo ndipo adapeza kuti mphamvu zawo zotanuka komanso zotanuka zimaposa za ulusi wamatabwa opangidwa omwe amakula mwachangu m'nkhalango. Wang ndi anzake adayerekeza mphamvu zotanuka za mitundu inayi ya ulusi: nsungwi, kenaf, fir, ndi ramie. Zotsatira zake zidawonetsa kuti mphamvu zotanuka ndi mphamvu za ulusi wa bamboo zinali zapamwamba kuposa za zipangizo zina zitatu za ulusi.
4. Nsungwi ili ndi phulusa komanso zotulutsa zambiri
Poyerekeza ndi matabwa, nsungwi ili ndi phulusa lochuluka (pafupifupi 1.0%) ndi 1% ya NAOH extract (pafupifupi 30.0%), zomwe zimapanga zinyalala zambiri panthawi yopukutira, zomwe sizingathandize kutulutsa ndi kuyeretsa madzi otayira m'makampani opanga zamkati ndi mapepala, ndipo zidzawonjezera ndalama zogulira zida zina.

Pakadali pano, ubwino wa zinthu zopangidwa ndi mapepala a nsungwi a Yashi Paper wafika pa zofunikira za EU ROHS, wadutsa mayeso a EU AP (2002)-1, US FDA ndi mayeso ena apadziko lonse lapansi okhudzana ndi chakudya, wadutsa satifiketi ya FSC 100% ya nkhalango, ndipo ndi kampani yoyamba ku Sichuan kupeza satifiketi yachitetezo ndi thanzi ku China; nthawi yomweyo, yakhala ikuyesedwa ngati chinthu chovomerezeka ndi National Paper Products Inspection Center kwa zaka khumi motsatizana, ndipo yapambananso ulemu monga "National Quality Stable Qualified Brand and Product" kuchokera ku China Quality Tour.