Kudzutsa ogula kuti alingalire za kubwezeredwa kwa zinthu zowononga za pepala zotayira

1.Kukulitsa Makhalidwe Obiriwira

Toni imodzi ya pepala lotayidwa, pansi pa kubwezeredwa, imatha kukhala ndi moyo watsopano, kusandulika kukhala 850 kg ya mapepala obwezerezedwanso. Kusintha kumeneku sikumangowonetsa kugwiritsa ntchito bwino kwazinthu, komanso kumateteza mosadziwika bwino ma kiyubiki mita 3 azinthu zamtengo wapatali zamitengo, kuti athe kupitiliza kuchita bwino m'nkhalango ndikusunga zachilengedwe. Panthawi imodzimodziyo, njirayi imapulumutsa madzi okwana ma kiyubiki 100, omwe ndi abwino kuthetsa vuto la kusowa kwa madzi.

Pankhani yochepetsa kuipitsidwa kwa chilengedwe, toni iliyonse ya zinyalala zamapepala zomwe zimagwiritsidwa ntchito zimachepetsa kugwiritsa ntchito 300kg ya zinthu zopangira mankhwala, motero zimachepetsa kutulutsa zinthu zovulaza zomwe zitha kupangidwa panthawi yopanga. Kuonjezera apo, matani a 1.2 a malasha ndi 600 kWh a magetsi akhoza kupulumutsidwa, zomwe ziri zofunika kwambiri pokhudzana ndi kusunga mphamvu ndi kuchepetsa utsi, ndikulimbikitsa chitukuko chokhazikika cha mphamvu.

Kugwiritsa ntchito tani imodzi yazinthu zopangidwa kuchokera ku 100% zobwezerezedwanso za pepala kudzachepetsa bwino mpweya woipa wa carbon dioxide ndi matani 11.37. Izi sizongowonetsa kuzindikira kwaumwini kwa chilengedwe, komanso kuyankha kwabwino pakusintha kwanyengo padziko lonse lapansi. Kugwiritsa ntchito mapepala obwezeretsedwa pang'onopang'ono kukukhala mphamvu yofunikira pakulimbikitsa moyo wobiriwira ndikumanga anthu okhala ndi mpweya wochepa.

2.Zotsalira m'mapepala a zinyalala, zopangira mapepala obwezerezedwanso, ndi zotsatira zake
Mapepala otayirira pokonzanso zinthu, nthawi zambiri amanyamula zotsalira zosiyanasiyana, zotsalirazi sizimangobweretsa chiopsezo ku thanzi la anthu, komanso zimatha kukhala ndi zotsatira zoipa pa chilengedwe.

Zitsulo zolemera ndi chimodzi mwazotsalira zomwe zimatsalira pamapepala otayira. Kapangidwe ka mapepala obwezerezedwanso kungakhale ndi zinthu zachitsulo zolemera monga lead, mercury ndi cadmium. Zitsulo zolemerazi zimakhala ndi poizoni m'thupi la munthu, ndipo kutayika kwa nthawi yaitali kapena kudya zinthu zokhala ndi zitsulo zolemera kwambiri kungayambitse matenda osiyanasiyana. Zowopsa kwambiri, zitsulo zolemera siziwonongeka mosavuta m'chilengedwe, ndipo zikamalowa m'chilengedwe, zimatha kuwunjikana pang'onopang'ono kudzera muzakudya, ndipo pamapeto pake zimawononga chilengedwe.
Organic matter ndi chinthu chofunikira chotsalira mu pepala lotayirira. Mapepala obwezerezedwanso akakumana ndi mankhwala ndi tizilombo tating'onoting'ono tikamagwiritsidwa ntchito, zamkati mwake zimatha kuwola kukhala zinthu zovulaza, monga benzene ndi phenol. Zinthu zachilengedwezi zimatha kukhala zovulaza thupi la munthu komanso chilengedwe, ndipo zimatha kuyambitsa zovuta zaumoyo monga kuyabwa pakhungu komanso kupuma. Zikhozanso kuwononga magwero a madzi ndi nthaka, zomwe zingawononge kukula ndi kukula kwa zomera ndi zinyama.

Majeremusi ndi tizilombo toyambitsa matenda ndi zotsalira mu mapepala obwezerezedwanso zomwe siziyenera kunyalanyazidwa. Pepala lotayirira litha kukhala ndi mabakiteriya ndi tizilombo tosiyanasiyana, monga Escherichia coli, pneumococcus ndi nyongolotsi, ngati silinachiritsidwe mosamalitsa panthawi yobwezeretsanso. Tizilombo toyambitsa matenda timeneti timayambitsa chiwopsezo chachikulu ku thanzi la anthu komanso ukhondo wa chilengedwe, ndipo angayambitse kufala kwa matenda komanso kuipitsa chilengedwe.

Pochotsa mapepala otayidwa ndikugwiritsanso ntchito, njira zogwira mtima ziyenera kuchitidwa, monga kupititsa patsogolo kusonkhanitsa kwa pepala lotayirira, kukonza njira yopangira mapepala obwezerezedwanso komanso kulimbikitsa kupha tizilombo toyambitsa matenda, kuti tichepetse kuopsa kwa thanzi la anthu komanso chilengedwe chomwe chimabwera chifukwa cha zotsalira za pepala lotayirira. Komanso, anthu akuyenera kupititsa patsogolo chidziwitso cha chilengedwe, kugwiritsa ntchito mwanzeru ndi kutaya mapepala otayira, komanso kuteteza chilengedwe chathu pamodzi.

3.Ziwopsezo zotsalira zotsalira pamapepala obwezerezedwanso
Kapangidwe ka mapepala obwezerezedwanso ndi njira yovuta komanso yosakhwima, yomwe imaphatikizapo kuwira zamkati pa kutentha kwakukulu, kuwonjezeredwa kwa calcium hypochlorite, ndi kutentha kwachiwiri kupha tizilombo toyambitsa matenda panthawi youmba ma silinda. Mndandanda wa masitepe pokonza bwino umapha mabakiteriya ambiri ndi mavairasi, motero kuonetsetsa kuti pepala lopangidwanso limakhala laukhondo. Komabe, ngakhale ndi njira yolimbikitsira yopanga imeneyi, palinso mitundu ina ya nkhungu yomwe ingakhale yovuta kuchotsa, kuphatikizapo mitundu monga Penicillium, Aspergillus erythropolis ndi Aspergillus flavus.
Nthawi zambiri zimachokera ku pepala lotayirira, spores za nkhunguzi zimatha kusintha kwambiri chilengedwe chawo ndipo zimatha kukhala ndi moyo m'malo ovuta. Ngakhale pa kutentha kwambiri mpaka madigiri mazana angapo, sporeswa amatha kukhalabe ndi moyo. Panthawi imodzimodziyo, chifukwa cha chikhalidwe chawo chokhazikika cha mankhwala, ma asidi amphamvu ndi alkalis ndi oxidising disinfectants ndi njira zina zomwe zimagwiritsidwa ntchito poletsa kutseketsa nthawi zambiri zimakhala zopanda thandizo kwa iwo.
Pakati pa nkhungu izi, Aspergillus flavus ndi poizoni kwambiri. Anthu ambiri amamuona kuti ndi chinthu chapoizoni kwambiri padziko lonse lapansi, ndipo ndi poizoni woposa wa zinthu zovulaza monga chikonga ndi formaldehyde. Zimangotengera 0.1 gramu ya aflatoxin kuti iphe pakanthawi kochepa. Zowopsa kwambiri, ngakhale zitangolowetsedwa kapena kukomoka pang'ono pang'onopang'ono kwa nthawi yayitali, aflatoxin imawononga kwambiri kupuma kwamunthu komanso kugaya chakudya, ndipo imatha kuyambitsa zotupa zowopsa monga khansa ya chiwindi, khansa ya m'mapapo ndi khansa ya m'mimba. Bungwe la World Health Organisation lati ndi carcinogen, ndipo kuchuluka kwake kovulaza sikunganyalanyazidwe.

Mwamwayi, ma spores a Aspergillus flavus amagona m'malo otentha kwambiri, motero amasiya kukula ndi kubereka kwakanthawi.

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