Lamutsani ogula kuti aganizire za kubwezeretsanso zinthu zowononga mapepala

1. Kukulitsa Machitidwe Oteteza Chilengedwe

Tani imodzi ya pepala lotayidwa, lomwe likubwezeretsedwanso, limatha kugwira ntchito yatsopano, n’kusanduka makilogalamu 850 a pepala lobwezeretsedwanso. Kusinthaku sikungosonyeza kugwiritsa ntchito bwino zinthu, komanso kumateteza mosawoneka bwino matabwa amtengo wapatali okwana makiyubiki mita atatu, kuti apitirize kukula bwino m’nkhalango ndikusunga chilengedwe. Nthawi yomweyo, njirayi imasunga makiyubiki mita 100 a madzi, zomwe ndi zabwino pochepetsa vuto la kusowa kwa madzi.

Ponena za kuchepetsa kuipitsidwa kwa chilengedwe, tani iliyonse ya mapepala otayira omwe amagwiritsidwa ntchito amachepetsa kugwiritsa ntchito 300kg ya zinthu zopangira mankhwala, motero amachepetsa kutulutsa zinthu zoopsa zomwe zingapangidwe panthawi yopanga. Kuphatikiza apo, matani 1.2 a malasha ndi 600 kWh yamagetsi amatha kusungidwa, zomwe ndizofunikira kwambiri pankhani yosunga mphamvu ndi kuchepetsa utsi, komanso kulimbikitsa chitukuko cha mphamvu zokhazikika.

Kugwiritsa ntchito tani imodzi ya zinthu zopangidwa kuchokera ku pepala lobwezerezedwanso 100% kudzachepetsa mpweya wa carbon dioxide ndi matani 11.37. Izi sizikuwonetsa chidziwitso cha chilengedwe chokha, komanso yankho labwino pakusintha kwa nyengo padziko lonse lapansi. Kugwiritsa ntchito pepala lobwezerezedwanso pang'onopang'ono kukukhala mphamvu yofunika kwambiri pakulimbikitsa moyo wobiriwira komanso kumanga gulu lopanda mpweya wambiri.

2. Zotsalira mu mapepala otayidwa, zinthu zopangira mapepala obwezerezedwanso, ndi zotsatira zake
Zinyalala za pepala zikagwiritsidwanso ntchito, nthawi zambiri zimakhala ndi zotsalira zosiyanasiyana, zotsalirazi sizimangobweretsa chiwopsezo ku thanzi la anthu, komanso zitha kuwononga chilengedwe.

Zitsulo zolemera ndi chimodzi mwa zotsalira zomwe zimapezeka m'mapepala otayira. Kupanga mapepala obwezerezedwanso kungakhale ndi zinthu zachitsulo cholemera monga lead, mercury ndi cadmium. Zitsulo zolemera izi ndi zoopsa kwa thupi la munthu, ndipo kukhala ndi zinthu zomwe zili ndi zitsulo zolemera kwa nthawi yayitali kungayambitse mavuto osiyanasiyana azaumoyo. Choopsa kwambiri n'chakuti, zitsulo zolemera sizimawonongeka mosavuta m'chilengedwe, ndipo zikangolowa m'chilengedwe, zimatha kudziunjikira pang'onopang'ono kudzera mu unyolo wa chakudya, zomwe pamapeto pake zimayambitsa kuwonongeka kwa chilengedwe.
Zinthu zachilengedwe nazonso ndi gawo lofunika kwambiri mu mapepala otayira. Mapepala obwezerezedwanso akakumana ndi mankhwala ndi tizilombo toyambitsa matenda akagwiritsidwa ntchito, zamkati mwake zimatha kuwola kukhala zinthu zoopsa zachilengedwe, monga benzene ndi phenol. Zinthu zachilengedwezi zitha kuvulaza thupi la munthu komanso chilengedwe, ndipo zingayambitse mavuto azaumoyo monga kuyabwa pakhungu ndi mavuto opuma. Zingathenso kuipitsa magwero a madzi ndi nthaka, zomwe zimakhudza kukula ndi chitukuko cha zomera ndi nyama.

Majeremusi ndi tizilombo toyambitsa matenda ndi zotsalira zomwe zimapezeka m'mapepala obwezerezedwanso zomwe siziyenera kunyalanyazidwa. Zinyalala za mapepala zimatha kukhala ndi mabakiteriya ndi tizilombo toyambitsa matenda osiyanasiyana, monga Escherichia coli, pneumococcus ndi mphutsi, ngati sizikuchiritsidwa bwino panthawi yobwezerezedwanso. Tizilombo toyambitsa matenda timeneti timayambitsa chiwopsezo chachikulu pa thanzi la anthu komanso ukhondo wa chilengedwe, ndipo tingayambitse kufalikira kwa matenda komanso kuipitsa chilengedwe.

Pakubwezeretsa ndi kugwiritsanso ntchito mapepala otayira, njira zoyenera ziyenera kutengedwa, monga kukulitsa kusonkhanitsa mapepala otayira, kukonza njira zopangira mapepala otayiranso komanso kulimbitsa kupha tizilombo toyambitsa matenda pa mapepala otayiranso, kuti achepetse zoopsa zomwe zingachitike pa thanzi la anthu komanso chilengedwe zomwe zimachitika chifukwa cha zotsalira za mapepala otayira. Nthawi yomweyo, anthu ayeneranso kulimbikitsa chidziwitso cha chilengedwe, kugwiritsa ntchito bwino komanso kutaya mapepala otayira, komanso kuteteza chilengedwe chathu mogwirizana.

3. Zoopsa zomwe zingachitike mu pepala lobwezerezedwanso
Njira yopangira mapepala obwezerezedwanso ndi yovuta komanso yovuta, yomwe imaphatikizapo kuwiritsa zamkati pa kutentha kwambiri, kuwonjezera calcium hypochlorite, komanso kupha tizilombo toyambitsa matenda kutentha kwambiri panthawi yopangira silinda. Njira zokonzera izi zimapha mabakiteriya ndi mavairasi ambiri, motero kuonetsetsa kuti mapepala obwezerezedwanso ndi aukhondo. Komabe, ngakhale ndi njira yopangira yovutayi, palinso ma spores ena a nkhungu omwe angakhale ovuta kuchotsa, kuphatikizapo mitundu monga Penicillium, Aspergillus erythropolis ndi Aspergillus flavus.
Kawirikawiri zimachokera ku mapepala otayira, zipolopolo za nkhunguzi zimatha kusinthasintha bwino malinga ndi malo awo ndipo zimatha kupulumuka m'malo osiyanasiyana ovuta. Ngakhale kutentha kwambiri kufika madigiri mazana angapo, zipolopolozi zimatha kupulumukabe. Nthawi yomweyo, chifukwa cha kapangidwe kake kokhazikika ka mankhwala, ma acid amphamvu ndi ma alkali ndi mankhwala ophera tizilombo toyambitsa matenda ndi njira zina zomwe zimagwiritsidwa ntchito kwambiri poyeretsa nthawi zambiri zimakhala zopanda mphamvu.
Pakati pa tizilombo toyambitsa nkhungu timeneti, Aspergillus flavus ndi poizoni kwambiri. Imadziwika kwambiri ngati imodzi mwa zinthu zoopsa kwambiri padziko lonse lapansi, ndipo poizoni wake ndi woposa kwambiri zinthu zoopsa monga nikotini ndi formaldehyde. Zimangotenga 0.1 gramu ya aflatoxin kuti iwononge thupi pakapita nthawi yochepa. Choopsa kwambiri n'chakuti, ngakhale itadyedwa kapena kupumidwa pang'ono kwa nthawi yayitali, aflatoxin ingayambitse kuwonongeka kwakukulu kwa ziwalo za kupuma ndi m'mimba mwa anthu, ndipo ingayambitsenso zotupa zoopsa monga khansa ya chiwindi, khansa ya m'mapapo ndi khansa ya m'mimba. Bungwe la World Health Organization laiika m'gulu la mankhwala opha khansa, ndipo kuchuluka kwa kuvulala kwake sikunganyalanyazidwe.

Mwamwayi, spores za Aspergillus flavus sizimakula bwino m'malo otentha kwambiri, motero zimalepheretsa kukula ndi kuberekana kwawo kwakanthawi.

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