China ndi dziko lomwe lili ndi mitundu yambiri ya nsungwi komanso kasamalidwe ka nsungwi. Chifukwa cha ubwino wake waukulu wa zinthu za nsungwi komanso ukadaulo wokulirapo wopanga mapepala a nsungwi, makampani opanga mapepala a nsungwi akukula ndipo liwiro la kusintha ndi kukweza likukwera. Mu 2021, dziko langa limatulutsa matani 2.42 miliyoni, kuwonjezeka kwa 10.5% pachaka; panali makampani 23 opanga mapepala a nsungwi kuposa kukula komwe kwatchulidwa, okhala ndi antchito 76,000 ndi phindu lochokera ku yuan 13.2 biliyoni; panali makampani 92 opangira mapepala ndi mapepala a nsungwi, okhala ndi antchito 35,000 ndi phindu lochokera ku yuan 7.15 biliyoni; panali makampani opanga mapepala opangidwa ndi manja oposa 80 omwe amagwiritsa ntchito nsungwi ngati zopangira, okhala ndi antchito pafupifupi 5,000 ndi phindu lochokera ku yuan pafupifupi 700 miliyoni; Kuthamanga kwa kuchepetsa mphamvu yopangira zinthu zomwe zatsala pang'ono kutha kwawonjezeka, ndipo ukadaulo wapamwamba wophikira ndi kuyeretsa mankhwala, ukadaulo wogwiritsa ntchito makina opangira mankhwala komanso zida zake zakhala zikugwiritsidwa ntchito kwambiri popanga mapepala a nsungwi. Makampani opanga mapepala a nsungwi mdziko langa akupita patsogolo kwambiri.
Njira zatsopano
Mu Disembala 2021, Boma la Forestry and Grassland Administration, National Development and Reform Commission ndi madipatimenti ena 10 adapereka limodzi "Maganizo Othandizira Kupititsa Patsogolo Zatsopano ndi Chitukuko cha Makampani a Nsungwi". Madera osiyanasiyana apanga mfundo zothandizira kuti apereke chithandizo champhamvu cha mfundo zolimbikitsira chitukuko chapamwamba cha makampani a nsungwi, kuphatikizapo makampani opanga nsungwi ndi mapepala. Madera akuluakulu opanga nsungwi ndi mapepala m'dziko langa ali ku Sichuan, Guizhou, Chongqing, Guangxi, Fujian ndi Yunnan. Pakati pawo, Sichuan pakadali pano ndi chigawo chachikulu kwambiri chopanga nsungwi ndi mapepala m'dziko langa. M'zaka zaposachedwa, Sichuan Province yapanga mwamphamvu gulu lophatikizana la makampani opanga nsungwi ndi mapepala la "malonda a nsungwi-pulp-paper-processing-paper", lapanga mtundu wotsogola wa mapepala apakhomo a nsungwi, ndikusintha zabwino za zinthu zobiriwira za nsungwi kukhala zabwino zachitukuko cha mafakitale, zomwe zapeza zotsatira zodabwitsa. Kutengera ndi chuma chambiri cha nsungwi, Sichuan yalima mitundu yabwino kwambiri ya nkhalango ya nsungwi, yakweza ubwino wa maziko a nkhalango ya nsungwi, yabzala nkhalango za nsungwi pamalo otsetsereka opitirira madigiri 25 ndi malo olima osafunikira okhala ndi malo otsetsereka opitilira madigiri 15 mpaka 25 m'madzi ofunikira omwe akutsatira mfundozi, yalimbikitsa mwasayansi kayendetsedwe ka nkhalango za nsungwi m'mbali zitatu, yagwirizanitsa chitukuko cha nkhalango za nsungwi zamatabwa ndi nkhalango za nsungwi zachilengedwe, komanso yalimbitsa njira zosiyanasiyana zolipirira ndi zothandizira. Malo osungira nsungwi awonjezeka pang'onopang'ono. Mu 2022, dera la nkhalango ya nsungwi m'chigawochi lapitirira ma mu 18 miliyoni, zomwe zapereka zinthu zambiri zopangira ulusi wa nsungwi zapamwamba zopangira nsungwi ndi kupanga mapepala, makamaka mapepala achilengedwe a nsungwi. Pofuna kuwonetsetsa kuti mapepala apakhomo a nsungwi ndi abwino komanso kuti adziwitse mtundu wa mapepala apakhomo amitundu yachilengedwe kunyumba ndi kunja, bungwe la Sichuan Paper Industry Association lapempha Ofesi ya Zamalonda ya Ofesi ya Zamalonda ya Boma la Intellectual Property kuti ilembetse chizindikiro cha "Bamboo Pulp Paper". Kuyambira kulimbana kwapadera kwa munthu m'modzi mpaka pakukula kwapakati komanso kwakukulu komwe kukuchitika, kugwirizanitsa pamodzi kuti pakhale mgwirizano wabwino komanso wopindulitsa kwakhala ubwino waukulu wa chitukuko cha Sichuan Paper. Mu 2021, panali makampani 13 opanga nsungwi kuposa kukula komwe kunasankhidwa ku Sichuan Province, omwe amapanga nsungwi zokwana matani 1.2731 miliyoni, kuwonjezeka kwa chaka ndi chaka kwa 7.62%, zomwe zimapangitsa 67.13% ya zomwe dzikolo linapanga nsungwi zokwana matani 1.2731 miliyoni, zomwe pafupifupi 7.62% zinagwiritsidwa ntchito popanga mapepala apakhomo; panali makampani 58 opanga mapepala apakhomo a nsungwi zokwana matani 1.256 miliyoni pachaka; panali makampani 248 opanga mapepala apakhomo a nsungwi zokwana matani 1.308 miliyoni pachaka. 40% ya mapepala apakhomo a nsungwi opangidwa amagulitsidwa m'chigawochi, ndipo 60% amagulitsidwa kunja kwa chigawochi ndi kunja kudzera m'mapulatifomu ogulitsa pa intaneti komanso pulogalamu ya dziko lonse ya "Belt and Road". Dziko lonse lapansi likuyang'ana China kuti ipeze phala la nsungwi, ndipo China ikuyang'ana Sichuan kuti ipeze phala la nsungwi. Mtundu wa Sichuan wa "bamboo pulp paper" wafika padziko lonse lapansi.
Ukadaulo watsopano
Dziko langa ndi lomwe limapanga kwambiri padziko lonse lapansi mankhwala osungunula nsungwi/nsungwi, ndi mizere 12 yamakono yopangira nsungwi yokhala ndi mphamvu yopangira matani opitilira 100,000 pachaka, mphamvu yonse yopangira matani 2.2 miliyoni, pomwe matani 600,000 ndi nsungwi yosungunula nsungwi. Fang Guigan, wofufuza komanso woyang'anira digiri ya udokotala ku Institute of Forest Products Chemical Industry of the Chinese Academy of Forestry, wakhala akudzipereka kwa nthawi yayitali pakufufuza ndi kupanga ukadaulo wofunikira ndi zida zamakampani opanga nsungwi zoyera zokolola zambiri mdziko langa. Anati pambuyo pa mgwirizano wa mafakitale, maphunziro ndi kafukufuku, ofufuza adutsa ukadaulo wofunikira wa kupanga nsungwi/nsungwi zosungunula nsungwi, ndipo ukadaulo wapamwamba wophikira ndi kuyeretsa ndi zida zakhala zikugwiritsidwa ntchito kwambiri popanga nsungwi mankhwala osungunula nsungwi. Kudzera mu kusintha ndi kugwiritsa ntchito zotsatira za kafukufuku wa sayansi ndi ukadaulo monga "Ukadaulo Watsopano Wopangira Nsungwi Moyenera ndi Kupanga Mapepala" kuyambira "Dongosolo la Zaka Zisanu ndi Ziwiri", dziko langa poyamba lathetsa vuto la N ndi P salt balance pakuchotsa silicon yakuda ndi mankhwala otulutsa madzi akunja. Nthawi yomweyo, kupita patsogolo kwachitika pakuwonjezera malire oyera a nsungwi yopangira nsungwi yokhala ndi zokolola zambiri. Pansi pa mlingo wa mankhwala oyeretsera ndalama, kuyera kwa nsungwi yopangira nsungwi kwawonjezeka kuchoka pa 65% mpaka kupitirira 70%. Pakadali pano, ofufuza akugwira ntchito kuti athetse mavuto aukadaulo monga kugwiritsa ntchito mphamvu zambiri komanso zokolola zochepa popanga nsungwi, ndikuyesetsa kupanga zabwino pakupanga nsungwi ndikukweza mpikisano pamsika wapadziko lonse wa nsungwi.
Mwayi watsopano
Mu Januwale 2020, lamulo latsopano la dziko lonse loletsa pulasitiki linanena za kuchuluka kwa kuletsa pulasitiki ndi kusankha njira zina, zomwe zinabweretsa mwayi watsopano kwa makampani opanga nsungwi ndi mapepala. Akatswiri adanenanso kuti pansi pa "dual carbon", nsungwi, monga chuma chofunikira cha nkhalango zopanda mitengo, imagwira ntchito yofunika kwambiri pakutsimikizira chitetezo cha matabwa padziko lonse lapansi, chitukuko chobiriwira chotsika mpweya, komanso kukonza moyo wa anthu. "Kusintha pulasitiki ndi nsungwi" ndi "kusintha matabwa ndi nsungwi" kuli ndi kuthekera kwakukulu komanso kuthekera kwakukulu kopanga mafakitale. Nsungwi imakula mwachangu, ili ndi biomass yayikulu ndipo ili ndi zinthu zambiri. Ubwino wa kapangidwe ka ulusi wa nsungwi ndi kuchuluka kwa cellulose uli pakati pa matabwa a coniferous ndi matabwa a masamba akulu, ndipo ulusi wa nsungwi wopangidwa umafanana ndi ulusi wa matabwa. Ulusi wa nsungwi ndi wautali kuposa wa matabwa a masamba akulu, kapangidwe ka khoma la selo ndi kapadera, mphamvu yogunda ndi kusinthasintha kwake ndikwabwino, ndipo ulusi wofiirira uli ndi mawonekedwe abwino. Nthawi yomweyo, nsungwi ili ndi kuchuluka kwa cellulose ndipo ndi ulusi wabwino kwambiri wopanga mapepala. Makhalidwe osiyanasiyana a nsungwi ndi matabwa angagwiritsidwe ntchito popanga zinthu zosiyanasiyana zapamwamba za mapepala ndi mapepala. Fang Guigan adati chitukuko chokhazikika cha makampani opanga nsungwi ndi mapepala sichingasiyanitsidwe ndi zatsopano: choyamba, kupanga mfundo zatsopano, kuwonjezera thandizo la ndalama, ndikumanga ndikuwongolera zomangamanga monga misewu, njira zama chingwe, ndi masilayidi m'nkhalango za nsungwi. Chachiwiri, kupanga zatsopano pazida zodulira mitengo, makamaka kugwiritsa ntchito kwambiri zida zodulira mitengo zokha komanso zanzeru, kudzathandiza kwambiri pantchito ndikuchepetsa ndalama zodulira mitengo. Chachitatu, kupanga chitsanzo cha zatsopano, m'madera omwe ali ndi zinthu zabwino, kukonzekera ndikumanga mapaki amafakitale opangira nsungwi, kukulitsa unyolo wamafakitale ndikukulitsa unyolo wopanga, kukwaniritsa kugwiritsa ntchito bwino zinthu za nsungwi, ndikuwonjezera phindu lazachuma la makampani opanga nsungwi. Chachinayi, kupanga zatsopano zasayansi ndi ukadaulo, kukulitsa mitundu ya zinthu zopangira nsungwi, monga zipangizo zomangira nsungwi, matabwa a nsungwi, kukonza masamba a nsungwi mozama, kukonza nsungwi mozama (ma node, chikasu cha nsungwi, nthambi ya nsungwi), kugwiritsa ntchito lignin mozama, ndikukulitsa kuchuluka kwa kugwiritsa ntchito cellulose (kusungunuka kwa nsungwi); kuthetsa mavuto akuluakulu aukadaulo pakupanga ma pulp a nsungwi m'njira yolunjika ndikukwaniritsa ukadaulo ndi zida zamakono zapakhomo. Kwa mabizinesi, popanga zinthu zatsopano zosiyanasiyana monga kusungunula ma pulp, mapepala apakhomo, ndi mapepala olongedza chakudya, ndikulimbitsa kugwiritsa ntchito bwino zinyalala za ulusi popanga, ndi njira yothandiza yotulukira mu njira yopindulitsa kwambiri mwachangu ndikupeza chitukuko chapamwamba.
Nthawi yotumizira: Sep-08-2024
