Kaboni ndi chizindikiro chomwe chimayesa momwe zochita za anthu zimakhudzira chilengedwe. Lingaliro la "kaboni" limachokera ku "kamoni wachilengedwe", makamaka wofotokozedwa ngati CO2 yofanana (CO2eq), yomwe imayimira mpweya wonse wowononga kutentha womwe umatulutsidwa panthawi yopanga ndi kugwiritsa ntchito kwa anthu.
Kuyeza mpweya wa kaboni ndi kugwiritsa ntchito Life Cycle Assessment (LCA) kuti aone momwe mpweya woipa umatulutsira mpweya woipa womwe umapangidwa mwachindunji kapena mwanjira ina ndi chinthu chofufuza mkati mwa moyo wake. Pa chinthu chomwecho, vuto ndi kuchuluka kwa kuwerengera mpweya wa kaboni ndi lalikulu kuposa kutulutsa mpweya wa kaboni, ndipo zotsatira za kuwerengera zimakhala ndi chidziwitso chokhudza kutulutsa mpweya wa kaboni.
Chifukwa cha kukwera kwa kusintha kwa nyengo padziko lonse komanso mavuto azachilengedwe, kuwerengera kuchuluka kwa mpweya woipa kwakhala kofunika kwambiri. Sikuti kungotithandiza kumvetsetsa bwino momwe zochita za anthu zimakhudzira chilengedwe, komanso kupereka maziko asayansi popanga njira zochepetsera utsi woipa komanso kulimbikitsa kusintha kwa mpweya woipa komanso kusintha kwa mpweya woipa.
Moyo wonse wa nsungwi, kuyambira pakukula ndi chitukuko, kukolola, kukonza ndi kupanga, kugwiritsa ntchito zinthu mpaka kutaya zinthu, ndi njira yonse yogwiritsira ntchito mpweya, kuphatikizapo kuyika mpweya m'nkhalango ya nsungwi, kupanga ndi kugwiritsa ntchito zinthu za nsungwi, komanso kuyika mpweya pambuyo potaya zinthu.
Lipotili la kafukufukuyu likuyesera kuwonetsa kufunika kwa kubzala nkhalango za nsungwi zachilengedwe komanso chitukuko cha mafakitale kuti athe kusintha nyengo kudzera mu kusanthula kwa chidziwitso cha carbon footprint ndi carbon labeling, komanso kukonza kafukufuku wa carbon footprint wa zinthu za nsungwi zomwe zilipo.
1. Kuwerengera kuchuluka kwa mpweya woipa womwe umabwera chifukwa cha mpweya woipa
① Lingaliro: Malinga ndi tanthauzo la Mgwirizano wa United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change, mpweya wa carbon umatanthauza kuchuluka kwa mpweya wa carbon dioxide ndi mpweya wina wowonjezera kutentha womwe umatulutsidwa panthawi ya zochita za anthu kapena womwe umatulutsidwa nthawi yonse ya moyo wa chinthu/utumiki.
Chizindikiro cha kaboni "ndi chizindikiro cha" mpweya woipa wa chinthu ", chomwe ndi chizindikiro cha digito chomwe chimasonyeza nthawi yonse ya moyo wa mpweya woipa wa chinthu kuchokera ku zipangizo zopangira mpaka kubwezeretsanso zinyalala, zomwe zimapatsa ogwiritsa ntchito chidziwitso chokhudza mpweya woipa wa chinthucho mu mawonekedwe a chizindikiro.
Kuwunika kwa moyo wonse (LCA) ndi njira yatsopano yowunikira momwe zinthu zilili pa chilengedwe yomwe yapangidwa m'maiko akumadzulo m'zaka zaposachedwa ndipo ikadali mu gawo la kafukufuku wopitilira ndi chitukuko. Muyezo woyambira wowunikira kuchuluka kwa mpweya wopangidwa ndi zinthu ndi njira ya LCA, yomwe imaonedwa kuti ndiyo njira yabwino kwambiri yowonjezerera kudalirika komanso kusavuta kwa kuwerengera kuchuluka kwa mpweya wopangidwa ndi zinthu.
Choyamba LCA imazindikira ndi kuwerengera momwe mphamvu ndi zinthu zimagwiritsidwira ntchito, komanso momwe zinthu zimatulutsidwira zachilengedwe m'gawo lonse la moyo, kenako imayesa momwe zinthu zimakhudzira momwe zinthu zimagwiritsidwira ntchito komanso momwe zinthu zimatulutsidwira pa chilengedwe, ndipo pomaliza imazindikira ndikuwunika mwayi wochepetsera zovutazi. Muyezo wa ISO 14040, womwe unaperekedwa mu 2006, umagawa "masitepe owunikira moyo" m'magawo anayi: kudziwa cholinga ndi kukula kwake, kusanthula zinthu zomwe zili m'sitolo, kuwunika momwe zinthu zimakhudzira, ndi kutanthauzira.
② Miyezo ndi Njira:
Pali njira zosiyanasiyana zowerengera kuchuluka kwa mpweya m'thupi pakali pano.
Ku China, njira zowerengera ndalama zitha kugawidwa m'magulu atatu kutengera momwe dongosolo limakhazikitsira malire ndi mfundo za chitsanzo: Kuwunika Moyo Wonse Mogwirizana ndi Njira (PLCA), Kuwunika Moyo Wonse Wotuluka (I-OLCA), ndi Kuwunika Moyo Wonse Wosakanikirana (HLCA). Pakadali pano, palibe miyezo yogwirizana yadziko lonse yowerengera ndalama za carbon footprint ku China.
Padziko lonse lapansi, pali miyezo itatu yayikulu yapadziko lonse lapansi pamlingo wa malonda: “PAS 2050:2011 Specification for the Evaluation of Greenhouse Gas Emissions during the Product and Service Life Cycle” (BSI., 2011), “GHGP Protocol” (WRI, WBCSD, 2011), ndi “ISO 14067:2018 Greenhouse Gases – Product Carbon Footprint – Quantitative Requirements and Guidelines” (ISO, 2018).
Malinga ndi chiphunzitso cha moyo wonse, PAS2050 ndi ISO14067 pakadali pano ndi miyezo yokhazikitsidwa yowunikira kuchuluka kwa kaboni wazinthu pogwiritsa ntchito njira zowerengera zomwe zimapezeka pagulu, zonse ziwiri zomwe zikuphatikizapo njira ziwiri zowunikira: Bizinesi kupita kwa Kasitomala (B2C) ndi Bizinesi kupita ku Bizinesi (B2B).
Zomwe zili mu B2C zikuphatikiza zinthu zopangira, kupanga ndi kukonza, kugawa ndi kugulitsa, kugwiritsa ntchito kwa ogula, kutaya komaliza kapena kubwezeretsanso, kutanthauza, "kuyambira kubadwa mpaka kufa". Zomwe zili mu B2B zikuphatikiza zinthu zopangira, kupanga ndi kukonza, ndi kunyamula kupita kwa amalonda akumidzi, kutanthauza, "kuyambira kubadwa mpaka pachipata".
Njira yotsimikizira za mpweya wa PAS2050 ili ndi magawo atatu: gawo loyambira, gawo lowerengera mpweya wa mpweya wa zinthu, ndi masitepe otsatira. Njira yowerengera mpweya wa zinthu ya ISO14067 imaphatikizapo masitepe asanu: kufotokoza chinthu chomwe chikufunidwa, kudziwa malire a dongosolo la zowerengera, kufotokoza malire a nthawi yowerengera, kusankha magwero otulutsa mpweya mkati mwa malire a dongosolo, ndikuwerengera kuchuluka kwa mpweya wa zinthu zomwe zili mkati mwa dongosolo.
③ Tanthauzo
Poganizira kuchuluka kwa mpweya woipa womwe umabwera chifukwa cha mpweya woipa, titha kuzindikira magawo ndi madera omwe umatulutsa mpweya woipa wambiri, ndikuchitapo kanthu koyenera kuti tichepetse mpweya woipa. Kuwerengera kuchuluka kwa mpweya woipa womwe umabwera chifukwa cha mpweya woipa kungatithandizenso kukhala ndi moyo wogwiritsa ntchito mpweya woipa wochepa komanso njira zomwe timagwiritsira ntchito.
Kulemba chizindikiro cha kaboni ndi njira yofunika kwambiri yowululira mpweya woipa womwe umatulutsa mpweya woipa m'malo opangira zinthu kapena moyo wonse wa zinthu, komanso njira yoti amalonda, mabungwe aboma olamulira, ndi anthu onse amvetsetse mpweya woipa womwe umatulutsa m'mabungwe opanga zinthu. Kulemba chizindikiro cha kaboni, monga njira yofunika kwambiri yowululira zambiri za kaboni, kwavomerezedwa kwambiri ndi mayiko ambiri.
Kulemba chizindikiro cha kaboni pazinthu zaulimi ndi momwe amagwiritsira ntchito zilembo za kaboni pazinthu zaulimi. Poyerekeza ndi mitundu ina ya zinthu, kuyika zilembo za kaboni muzinthu zaulimi n'kofunika kwambiri. Choyamba, ulimi ndi gwero lofunika kwambiri la mpweya woipa womwe umatulutsa mpweya woipa komanso gwero lalikulu kwambiri la mpweya woipa womwe umatulutsa mpweya woipa womwe sutulutsa kaboni. Kachiwiri, poyerekeza ndi gawo la mafakitale, kuulula zambiri zokhudza kulemba chizindikiro cha kaboni pakupanga ulimi sikunathe, zomwe zimalepheretsa kuchuluka kwa zochitika zogwiritsidwa ntchito. Kachitatu, ogula amavutika kupeza chidziwitso chogwira mtima pa kuchuluka kwa mpweya woipa womwe umalowa m'malo mwa ogula. M'zaka zaposachedwapa, kafukufuku wosiyanasiyana wavumbula kuti magulu enaake ogula ali okonzeka kulipira zinthu zopanda mpweya woipa, ndipo kulemba chizindikiro cha kaboni kungathandize kubweza kusiyana kwa chidziwitso pakati pa opanga ndi ogula, zomwe zimathandiza kukonza magwiridwe antchito amsika.
2, unyolo wamakampani a nsungwi
① Mkhalidwe woyambira wa unyolo wa makampani a nsungwi
Makampani opanga nsungwi ku China amagawidwa m'magulu awiri: pamwamba, pakati, ndi pansi. Kumtunda kuli zinthu zopangira ndi zotulutsa za mbali zosiyanasiyana za nsungwi, kuphatikizapo masamba a nsungwi, maluwa a nsungwi, mphukira za nsungwi, ulusi wa nsungwi, ndi zina zotero. Pakati pa mtsinjewu pali mitundu yambirimbiri m'magawo osiyanasiyana monga zipangizo zomangira nsungwi, zinthu zopangidwa ndi nsungwi, mphukira za nsungwi ndi chakudya, kupanga mapepala a nsungwi, ndi zina zotero; Kugwiritsa ntchito zinthu zopangidwa ndi nsungwi pansi pa mtsinje kumaphatikizapo kupanga mapepala, kupanga mipando, zipangizo zamankhwala, ndi zokopa alendo zachikhalidwe za nsungwi, pakati pa zina.
Zachilengedwe za nsungwi ndi maziko a chitukuko cha makampani opanga nsungwi. Malinga ndi momwe zimagwiritsidwira ntchito, nsungwi zimatha kugawidwa m'magulu awiri: nsungwi ya nsungwi, nsungwi ya nsungwi, nsungwi ya zamkati, ndi nsungwi yokongoletsera munda. Kuchokera ku mtundu wa nkhalango ya nsungwi, gawo la nkhalango ya nsungwi yamatabwa ndi 36%, kutsatiridwa ndi mphukira za nsungwi ndi nkhalango ya nsungwi yogwiritsidwa ntchito kawiri, nkhalango ya nsungwi yothandiza anthu pazachilengedwe, ndi nkhalango ya nsungwi ya zamkati, zomwe ndi 24%, 19%, ndi 14% motsatana. Mphukira za nsungwi ndi nkhalango yokongola ya nsungwi zili ndi magawo ochepa. China ili ndi nsungwi zambiri, yokhala ndi mitundu 837 ndipo imapanga matani 150 miliyoni a nsungwi pachaka.
Nsungwi ndi mtundu wofunika kwambiri wa nsungwi wapadera ku China. Pakadali pano, nsungwi ndiye chinthu chachikulu chopangira zinthu zopangira nsungwi, msika wa nsungwi zatsopano, ndi zinthu zopangira nsungwi ku China. M'tsogolomu, nsungwi idzakhalabe chinthu chofunikira kwambiri pakulima nsungwi ku China. Pakadali pano, mitundu khumi ya zinthu zofunika kwambiri zopangira ndi kugwiritsa ntchito nsungwi ku China ikuphatikizapo matabwa opangidwa ndi nsungwi, pansi pa nsungwi, mphukira za nsungwi, zamkati za nsungwi ndi mapepala, zinthu zopangidwa ndi ulusi wa nsungwi, mipando ya nsungwi, zinthu za tsiku ndi tsiku za nsungwi ndi ntchito zamanja, makala a nsungwi ndi viniga wa nsungwi, zotulutsa ndi zakumwa za nsungwi, zinthu zachuma pansi pa nkhalango za nsungwi, ndi zokopa alendo ndi chisamaliro chaumoyo cha nsungwi. Pakati pawo, matabwa opangidwa ndi nsungwi ndi zipangizo zaukadaulo ndizo maziko a makampani a nsungwi ku China.
Momwe mungapangire unyolo wa makampani a nsungwi pansi pa cholinga cha mpweya wa kaboni
Cholinga cha "kabotolo kawiri" chikutanthauza kuti China ikuyesetsa kukwaniritsa kuchuluka kwa mpweya wa kaboni isanafike chaka cha 2030 komanso kusalowerera ndale kwa mpweya wa kaboni isanafike chaka cha 2060. Pakadali pano, China yawonjezera zofunikira zake pakupanga mpweya wa kaboni m'mafakitale osiyanasiyana ndipo yafufuza mwakhama mafakitale obiriwira, otsika mpweya wa kaboni, komanso ogwira ntchito bwino pazachuma. Kuwonjezera pa ubwino wake pazachilengedwe, makampani opanga nsungwi ayeneranso kufufuza momwe angagwiritsire ntchito mpweya wa kaboni ndikulowa mumsika wogulitsa mpweya wa kaboni.
(1) Nkhalango ya nsungwi ili ndi zinthu zosiyanasiyana zosungira mpweya woipa:
Malinga ndi deta yomwe ilipo ku China, dera la nkhalango za nsungwi lawonjezeka kwambiri m'zaka 50 zapitazi. Kuchokera pa mahekitala 2.4539 miliyoni m'zaka za m'ma 1950 ndi 1960 kufika pa mahekitala 4.8426 miliyoni kumayambiriro kwa zaka za m'ma 2000 (kupatula deta yochokera ku Taiwan), kuwonjezeka kwa chaka ndi chaka kwa 97.34%. Ndipo chiwerengero cha nkhalango za nsungwi m'dera la nkhalango la dzikolo chawonjezeka kuchoka pa 2.87% kufika pa 2.96%. Nkhalango za nsungwi zakhala gawo lofunika kwambiri la nkhalango za ku China. Malinga ndi 6th National Forest Resource Inventory, pakati pa mahekitala 4.8426 miliyoni a nkhalango za nsungwi ku China, pali mahekitala 3.372 miliyoni a nsungwi, ndi zomera pafupifupi 7.5 biliyoni, zomwe zimapangitsa pafupifupi 70% ya nkhalango za nsungwi mdzikolo.
(2) Ubwino wa zamoyo za m'nkhalango ya nsungwi:
① Nsungwi imakhala ndi nthawi yochepa yokulira, imakula mofulumira kwambiri, ndipo imakhala ndi mawonekedwe okhwima komanso okolola pachaka. Imagwiritsidwa ntchito kwambiri ndipo ilibe mavuto monga kukokoloka kwa nthaka pambuyo podula mitengo yonse komanso kuwonongeka kwa nthaka pambuyo pobzala mosalekeza. Ili ndi kuthekera kwakukulu kosunga mpweya woipa. Deta ikuwonetsa kuti kuchuluka kwa mpweya woipa pachaka mu mtengo wa nkhalango ya nsungwi ndi 5.097t/hm2 (kupatula kupanga zinyalala pachaka), zomwe ndi nthawi 1.46 kuposa mtengo wa fir waku China womwe ukukula mwachangu.
② Nkhalango za bamboo zili ndi mikhalidwe yosavuta kukula, mitundu yosiyanasiyana ya kukula, kugawanika kwa magawo, ndi kusiyana kosalekeza kwa malo. Zili ndi malo ambiri ogawa malo komanso mitundu yosiyanasiyana, makamaka m'maboma ndi mizinda 17, zomwe zimapezeka kwambiri ku Fujian, Jiangxi, Hunan, ndi Zhejiang. Zitha kufanana ndi chitukuko chachangu komanso chachikulu m'madera osiyanasiyana, kupanga mitundu yovuta komanso yotseka ya kaboni komanso maukonde amphamvu a kaboni.
(3) Mikhalidwe yogulitsira kaboni m'nkhalango ya nsungwi yafika pachimake:
① Makampani obwezeretsanso nsungwi atha ntchito bwino.
Makampani opanga nsungwi amafalikira m'mafakitale oyambira, achiwiri, ndi achitatu, ndipo phindu lake likukwera kuchoka pa 82 biliyoni ya yuan mu 2010 kufika pa 415.3 biliyoni ya yuan mu 2022, ndi kuchuluka kwapakati pachaka kopitilira 30%. Zikuyembekezeka kuti pofika chaka cha 2035, phindu la makampani opanga nsungwi lidzapitirira 1 thililiyoni ya yuan. Pakadali pano, njira yatsopano yopangira unyolo wa nsungwi yachitika ku Anji County, Zhejiang Province, China, poyang'ana kwambiri njira yonse yophatikizira kaboni waulimi wapawiri kuyambira chilengedwe ndi chuma mpaka kuphatikizana.
② Thandizo la mfundo zokhudzana ndi izi
Pambuyo popereka lingaliro la cholinga cha mpweya wa kaboni kawiri, China yapereka mfundo ndi malingaliro ambiri kuti atsogolere makampani onse pa kayendetsedwe ka mpweya wopanda mpweya. Pa Novembala 11, 2021, madipatimenti khumi kuphatikiza State Forestry and Grassland Administration, National Development and Reform Commission, ndi Unduna wa Sayansi ndi Ukadaulo adapereka "Maganizo a Madipatimenti Khumi Okhudza Kufulumizitsa Chitukuko Chatsopano cha Makampani a Nsungwi". Pa Novembala 2, 2023, National Development and Reform Commission ndi madipatimenti ena adatulutsa limodzi "Ndondomeko Yazaka Zitatu Yothandizira Chitukuko cha 'Kusintha Pulasitiki ndi Nsungwi'". Kuphatikiza apo, malingaliro okhudzana ndi chitukuko cha mafakitale a nsungwi aperekedwa m'maboma ena monga Fujian, Zhejiang, Jiangxi, ndi ena. Pansi pa kuphatikiza ndi mgwirizano wa malamba osiyanasiyana amafakitale, mitundu yatsopano yogulitsa ya zilembo za kaboni ndi zizindikiro za mpweya yayambitsidwa.
3, Kodi mungawerengere bwanji kuchuluka kwa mpweya womwe umapezeka mu unyolo wa nsungwi?
① Kupita patsogolo kwa kafukufuku pa zotsatira za mpweya woipa kuchokera ku zinthu zopangidwa ndi nsungwi
Pakadali pano, palibe kafukufuku wochuluka wokhudza kuchuluka kwa mpweya m'zinthu zopangidwa ndi nsungwi m'dziko muno komanso padziko lonse lapansi. Malinga ndi kafukufuku amene alipo, mphamvu yomaliza yosamutsira mpweya m'zinthu zopangidwa ndi nsungwi imasiyana malinga ndi njira zosiyanasiyana zogwiritsira ntchito monga kufalikira, kuphatikiza, ndi kubwezeretsanso, zomwe zimapangitsa kuti zinthu zopangidwa ndi nsungwi zikhale ndi zotsatira zosiyana pa kuchuluka kwa mpweya m'zinthu zopangidwa ndi nsungwi.
② Njira yopangira zinthu zopangidwa ndi nsungwi pogwiritsa ntchito mpweya wa kaboni m'moyo wawo wonse
Moyo wonse wa zinthu zopangidwa ndi nsungwi, kuyambira kukula ndi chitukuko cha nsungwi (photosynthesis), kulima ndi kuyang'anira, kukolola, kusunga zinthu zopangira, kukonza ndi kugwiritsa ntchito zinthu, mpaka kuwonongeka kwa zinyalala (kuwola), kwatha. Kuzungulira kwa kaboni kwa zinthu zopangidwa ndi nsungwi m'moyo wawo wonse kumaphatikizapo magawo asanu akuluakulu: kulima nsungwi (kubzala, kuyang'anira, ndi kugwiritsa ntchito), kupanga zinthu zopangira (kusonkhanitsa, kunyamula, ndi kusunga nsungwi kapena mphukira za nsungwi), kukonza ndi kugwiritsa ntchito zinthu (njira zosiyanasiyana panthawi yokonza), kugulitsa, kugwiritsa ntchito, ndi kutaya (kuwola), kuphatikizapo kuyika kaboni, kusonkhanitsa, kusunga, kusunga, ndi kutulutsa kaboni mwachindunji kapena mwachindunji mu gawo lililonse (onani Chithunzi 3).
Njira yolima nkhalango za nsungwi ingaonedwe ngati mgwirizano wa "kusonkhanitsa ndi kusunga mpweya wa kaboni", womwe umakhudza kutulutsa mpweya wa kaboni mwachindunji kapena mwanjira ina kuchokera ku ntchito zobzala, kuyang'anira, ndi kugwira ntchito.
Kupanga zinthu zopangira ndi njira yolumikizirana yolumikizira makampani opanga nkhalango ndi makampani opanga zinthu za nsungwi, komanso kumaphatikizapo kutulutsa mpweya wa kaboni mwachindunji kapena mwanjira ina panthawi yokolola, kukonza koyamba, kunyamula, ndi kusungira nsungwi kapena mphukira za nsungwi.
Kukonza ndi kugwiritsa ntchito zinthu ndi njira yochotsera mpweya wa kaboni, yomwe imaphatikizapo kuyika mpweya wa kaboni m'zinthu kwa nthawi yayitali, komanso kutulutsa mpweya wa kaboni mwachindunji kapena mwanjira ina kuchokera ku njira zosiyanasiyana monga kukonza mayunitsi, kukonza zinthu, ndi kugwiritsa ntchito zinthu zina.
Pambuyo poti chinthucho chalowa mu gawo logwiritsidwa ntchito ndi ogula, kaboni imakhazikika kwathunthu mu zinthu za nsungwi monga mipando, nyumba, zofunikira za tsiku ndi tsiku, zinthu zamapepala, ndi zina zotero. Pamene moyo wautumiki ukuwonjezeka, machitidwe ochotsera kaboni adzakulitsidwa mpaka atayidwa, kuwola ndi kutulutsa CO2, ndikubwerera mumlengalenga.
Malinga ndi kafukufuku wa Zhou Pengfei et al. (2014), matabwa odulira nsungwi omwe anali pansi pa njira yotseguka ya nsungwi adatengedwa ngati chinthu chofufuzira, ndipo "Kufotokozera Kuwunika kwa Mpweya Wotentha wa Katundu ndi Ntchito mu Life Cycle" (PAS 2050:2008) kudavomerezedwa ngati muyezo wowunika. Sankhani njira yowunika ya B2B kuti muwunikire mokwanira kutulutsa kwa carbon dioxide ndi kusungira kaboni pazinthu zonse zopangira, kuphatikiza kunyamula zinthu zopangira, kukonza zinthu, kulongedza, ndi kusunga (onani Chithunzi 4). PAS2050 ikunena kuti kuyeza kwa mpweya kuyenera kuyambira pa kunyamula zinthu zopangira, ndipo deta yayikulu ya mpweya woipa ndi kusamutsa mpweya kuchokera ku zinthu zopangira, kupanga mpaka kugawa (B2B) kwa matabwa odulira nsungwi oyenda ayenera kuyezedwa molondola kuti adziwe kukula kwa mpweya woipa.
Ndondomeko yoyezera kuchuluka kwa mpweya wa nsungwi m'moyo wawo wonse
Kusonkhanitsa ndi kuyeza deta yoyambira pa gawo lililonse la moyo wa zinthu zopangidwa ndi nsungwi ndiye maziko a kusanthula kwa moyo wonse. Deta yoyambira imaphatikizapo kukhala m'nthaka, kugwiritsa ntchito madzi, kugwiritsa ntchito mphamvu zosiyanasiyana (malasha, mafuta, magetsi, ndi zina zotero), kugwiritsa ntchito zipangizo zosiyanasiyana zopangira, ndi deta yochokera ku zinthu ndi mphamvu zomwe zimachokera. Yesani kuyeza mpweya wa zinthu zopangidwa ndi nsungwi m'moyo wonse wawo kudzera mu kusonkhanitsa deta ndi kuyeza.
(1) Gawo lolima nkhalango ya nsungwi
Kutenga ndi kusonkhanitsa mpweya wa kaboni: kumera, kukula ndi chitukuko, kuchuluka kwa mphukira zatsopano za nsungwi;
Kusunga mpweya wa kaboni: kapangidwe ka nkhalango ya nsungwi, mulingo wa nsungwi, kapangidwe ka zaka, kuchuluka kwa zamoyo za ziwalo zosiyanasiyana; kuchuluka kwa zamoyo za zinyalala; Kusunga mpweya wa kaboni wachilengedwe m'nthaka;
Mpweya woipa wa kaboni: kusungira kaboni, nthawi yowola, ndi kutulutsa zinyalala; Kupuma kwa dothi; Mpweya woipa wa kaboni wopangidwa ndi kugwiritsa ntchito mphamvu zakunja ndi kugwiritsa ntchito zinthu monga ntchito, mphamvu, madzi ndi feteleza zobzala, kuyang'anira, ndi zochitika zamabizinesi.
(2) Gawo lopangira zinthu zopangira
Kusamutsa mpweya: kuchuluka kwa kukolola kapena kuchuluka kwa mphukira za nsungwi ndi biomass yawo;
Kubwerera kwa kaboni: zotsalira kuchokera ku mitengo kapena mphukira za nsungwi, zotsalira zoyambirira zokonzera, ndi biomass yawo;
Mpweya woipa wa kaboni: Kuchuluka kwa mpweya woipa wa kaboni wopangidwa ndi mphamvu zakunja ndi zinthu zomwe zimagwiritsidwa ntchito, monga ntchito ndi mphamvu, panthawi yosonkhanitsa, kukonza koyamba, kunyamula, kusungira, ndi kugwiritsa ntchito mphukira za nsungwi kapena nsungwi.
(3) Gawo lokonza ndi kugwiritsa ntchito zinthu
Kusunga mpweya wa kaboni: biomass ya zinthu zopangidwa ndi nsungwi ndi zinthu zina;
Kubwerera kapena kusunga kaboni: kukonza zotsalira ndi zamoyo zake;
Kutulutsa mpweya wa kaboni: Kutulutsa mpweya wa kaboni komwe kumachitika chifukwa cha kugwiritsa ntchito mphamvu zakunja monga ntchito, mphamvu, zinthu zogwiritsidwa ntchito, ndi kugwiritsa ntchito zinthu zina panthawi yokonza zinthu, kukonza zinthu, ndi kugwiritsa ntchito zinthu zina.
(4) Gawo logulitsa ndi kugwiritsa ntchito
Kusunga mpweya wa kaboni: biomass ya zinthu zopangidwa ndi nsungwi ndi zinthu zina;
Kutulutsa mpweya wa kaboni: Kuchuluka kwa mpweya wa kaboni womwe umapangidwa ndi kugwiritsa ntchito mphamvu zakunja monga mayendedwe ndi antchito ochokera kumakampani kupita kumsika wogulitsa.
(5) Gawo lotaya zinthu
Kutulutsa Kaboni: Kusunga Kaboni kwa Zinyalala; Nthawi yowola ndi kuchuluka kwa kutulutsidwa.
Mosiyana ndi mafakitale ena a nkhalango, nkhalango za nsungwi zimadzikonzanso zokha pambuyo podula mitengo ndi kugwiritsa ntchito mwasayansi, popanda kufunikira kukonzanso nkhalango. Kukula kwa nkhalango za nsungwi kumakhala kofanana ndi kukula ndipo kumatha kuyamwa kaboni wokhazikika nthawi zonse, kusonkhanitsa ndi kusunga kaboni, ndikuwonjezera kaboni nthawi zonse. Chiŵerengero cha zipangizo zopangira nsungwi zomwe zimagwiritsidwa ntchito muzinthu za nsungwi si chachikulu, ndipo kuchotsedwa kwa kaboni kwa nthawi yayitali kumatha kuchitika pogwiritsa ntchito zinthu za nsungwi.
Pakadali pano, palibe kafukufuku wokhudza kuyeza kayendedwe ka kaboni ka zinthu za nsungwi m'moyo wawo wonse. Chifukwa cha nthawi yayitali yotulutsa kaboni panthawi yogulitsa, kugwiritsa ntchito, ndi kutaya zinthu za nsungwi, kuchuluka kwa kaboni komwe zimayikidwa kumakhala kovuta kuyeza. M'machitidwe, kuwunika kuchuluka kwa kaboni nthawi zambiri kumayang'ana pa magawo awiri: choyamba ndi kuwerengera kusungidwa kwa kaboni ndi mpweya woipa munjira yopangira kuyambira pazinthu zopangira mpaka zinthu; chachiwiri ndikuwunika kuchuluka kwa zinthu za nsungwi kuyambira kubzala mpaka kupanga.
Nthawi yotumizira: Sep-17-2024
